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探究佛法四无量心:慈、悲、喜、舍的内涵与修法及其现实意义

发布时间:2025-04-12 03:49:23 点击量:

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摘要:在佛教实践和验证过程中,同情,同情,喜悦和奉献的四种不可估量的思想是必不可少的理论和实践方法。因此,在经文和论文中提到了它们,但陈述不一致。 From the perspective of the Mahayana view of dependent origination and emptiness, this article mainly uses the four immeasurable minds mentioned in the sutras and treatises such as the four immeasurable minds, such as the connotation, function, merit, practice and relationship with compassion, to explore the true meaning of the Buddha's speech, and at the same time explores the profound meaning of compassion, compassion, joy, and giving in real life.

关键词:同情,喜悦,并给予无限,无法实现的,同情心和优越的思想解释

作者资料:Shi Falong,2005年的本科毕业于Minnan佛教学院。

佛教以同情心的重点关注世界,佛教也使同情心具有普拉尼亚智慧的更广泛而深刻的含义。在讨论同情心的根源时,我们必须提及四个不可估量的同情心,同情,喜悦和奉献的思想,因为这四个不可估量的思想包含了两种同情心。那么,四个不可估量的思想与同情心之间有什么关系?有区别吗?这是开始撰写本文的原因。 After further investigation, the problem is much more complicated than imagined, such as the views of early Buddhism, sectarian Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism on the Four Immortal Minds were very different, etc. Therefore, this article "based on the Buddhist papers, it focuses on giving people confidence, giving people a consistent spirit, being able to understand the principles and principles, and to achieve practical practice and empirical practice, abandoning Buddhism that discusses right and wrong, and using the以一辆汽车为导向的佛教教义进入有众者的基础。” 1因此,从大海亚佛教对依赖起源和空虚的看法的角度来看,我们将全面结合前任的成就,并讨论四种不可估量的思想。分析和组织,努力实现对某些常识问题的正确理解和吸收。如果有任何不正确的事情,请给我建议。

1。四个无限思想的内涵

(1)同情,怜悯,喜悦和奉献

同情,同情,喜悦和放弃是四种无法估量的含义(catvāryparamān·āni,catassoappamaāyo),也称为四个不可估量的思想,四个平等的思想,或四个平等。在《阿加马经》中,四个不可估量的事物也称为四个梵天vihāra,四个梵天瓦吉拉和四种心态。 2纯化路径的纯路径的南路径称为四个梵天。但是,这四个不可估量的思想是什么意思? “伟大的智慧论文”中的“四个不朽含义”说:

四个不可估量的思想是同情,同情,喜悦和奉献。同情心是爱情众生,并始终寻求和平与幸福使他们受益。同情是对五个领域中各种身体和精神痛苦的所有生物都富有同情心。欢乐是使幸福幸福的众生。放弃是放弃三种心,但是对众生的思考不讨厌或爱。 3

简而言之:善良是要快乐,这意味着使众生受益;悲伤(karun·ā)是要缓解痛苦,这意味着消除恐惧和痛苦;欢乐(Muditā)是要庆祝,这意味着要幸福和快乐;放弃(Upeks·ā)是对敌人和亲戚而没有任何依恋,这意味着要放弃前三个心(同情心,同情心和喜悦)。 4

另一种方法是从梵语的原始含义中解释前两个不可估量的思想。尽管解释是不同的,但它们的含义是相同的。梵语“ sad”(karun·ā)最初意味着mo吟,但它从一个人的疾病和痛苦中延伸到他人,这是同情和难以忍受的怜悯和难以忍受。两者都是无条件的关怀和对他人的爱。因此,在这里应该反映在大海亚佛教中强调的同体同情心。但是,为什么我们说四个心是“不可估量的”?中央Agama Sutra说:

阿南达!我最初谈论了为您提供的四件事,僧侣!思想和同情心将在世界各地实现。这样,第二,第三,四个方向,四个维度以及顶部和底部都将充满一切。这样,思想和同情心都是没有结的,没有怨恨,没有愤怒,没有争议,非常广泛,非常大,无限的良好实践,全世界都将被实现。这样,将在世界各地实现思想和放弃……如果您向年轻的僧侣传讲这四个不可估量的事物,那么您将放心,力量,幸福,您的身心将不会被激怒和热,而您的毕生梵天练习。 5

也就是说,当练习同情心时,思想与同情心相对应,并且对象逐渐从一个有情的众生扩展到两个,三个甚至十个方向,再到所有无限的众生,他们在没有任何愤怒的情况下获得了幸福。完整而良好的做法是同情心的“不可估量”。同样的做法对于同情,喜悦和奉献也是正确的。

(2)无限

从上面,我们知道善良是要幸福,同情心就是减轻痛苦,欢乐是高兴地看到收获的幸福,放弃就是看到敌人和亲戚而没有任何依恋。但是什么是“无限”? “每个负责众生负责的人都可以治愈无限的笑话和麻烦,因此,它被称为“ 6”《伟大的智慧论文》,将无限分为三个层次,一个宽阔,两个大,两个无限:7

〖bhdg1*2,k10zq,k10zq,k10zq〗巨大而不可估量的一个高度且低于下方和上层条件下方和九个方向。四个方向是有意义的生物是有意义的生物是有意义的生物,有意义的生物是有意义的生物,有意义的生物是有意义的生物,有意义的生物是有意义的生物,有意义的生物是有意义的生物,有意义的生物是有同情心和粗心的。心是有情的人,有着同情和仇恨。内心害怕罪恶,恐惧和恐惧地陷入地狱。因此,邪恶的佛法是爱上他人的众生。思想狭窄而小的心脏是所谓的不可估量的生物,受到依恋的对象,他们消除的麻烦与思想所想的人不同。真正的“不可估量的”是在十个方向上吸引无数的众生,打破愤怒和烦恼,以获得涅rv,以获得圣人的思想,并以同情心偿还怨恨。但是,为什么在这里说出无法估量或计算的思想?伟大的智慧论文还说,有两件事:

有两种不可估量的类型:一种是不可估量的。所有圣徒都没有的能量。例如,在空白和涅rv中,有意义的生物本质上是不可估量的。有佛法可以衡量两者,但它们的力量较低,但它们的能量并不能量。例如,在苏美尔山上,佛陀和菩萨可以知道海中的水和雨滴的数量。 8

换句话说,真正的不可估量是超越一切的,无法衡量。因此,空白,涅rv虫等也是不可衡量的。在没有歧视的情况下观察所有众生,“保存了所有有源的众生后,没有人死亡。”因此,为了实现真正的不确定性,必须与prajna相对应,说是无限的,并且只有拥有prajna的空虚才能广泛地伸手并拯救无数的众生。此外,“其他Agama Sutra”说:

可敬!这意味着贪婪是最大的,如果没有争议,则是最无限的。这意味着贪婪具有一种形式,愤怒有一种形式,而无知的形式和没有争议的人没有形式。那些贪婪的人都是所有的,那些生气和迷恋的人都是全部,那些不是争吵的人一无所有。 9

换句话说,通常提到的麻烦是定量的,真正的“不可估量”必须与空虚和智慧相对应。因此,这四种无可估量的思想的实践是导致解放之路,依靠空虚和智慧到庞大的众生,并消除所有苦难。但是,早期的四个不可估量的思想被认为是世俗的集中度,这是有缺陷的。 “其他Agama”卷说:

我记得我的命运并培养了一个漫长的夜晚的祝福……我已经在七个卡尔帕斯(Kalpas)练习了同情心,并在七个卡尔帕斯(Kalpas)中变得邪恶,但我不会回到这一生。当七个卡尔帕斯被摧毁时,光明天堂将诞生。当七个卡尔帕斯(Kalpas)完成时,他在梵天世界重生,成为空宫殿中的伟大梵天国王,他无敌,领导了成千上万的世界。 10

换句话说,培养同情心的结果可以在梵天重生,优点比奉献和保持戒律更好。婆罗门也渴望梵天,并将梵天视为他们的最高神。这四个不可估量的思想也意识到婆罗门的实践。同时,佛陀在早期说,这四个不朽的思想希望佛教门徒可以根据梵天行动,因此四个不朽的思想被认为是世界上的良好行为。

然而,宗派学者认为,四个不可估量的思想只是优越的意图(adhimoks·a-manaskāra),正如伟大的vibhasha所说:“不朽无法消除所有苦难,但可以抑制或引起重新造成的痛苦。” 11因为无限的生物的对象只是虚构的众生,因此无法消除所有苦难。他们不是世界上的好事。它们必须与消除所有苦难的共同形式的真实意图相对应。同时,对于真实的对象真正痴迷于四个不可估量的思想的众生,Vibhasha认为这仅适用于欲望领域中的众生。

为了回应上述问题,Agama Sutra说:“如果可以在七个启蒙元素的情况下及时实行四个同情心,同情心,喜悦和奉献,那么他们可以导致解放之路而不会泄漏。” 12因此,同情,同情,喜悦和奉献的四种思想与污秽以及未暴露的人有关。伟大的智慧理论还说:

佛陀知道,由于将来的门徒们很乏味,所以他们区分了所有佛法,并且错误地说,这四种无限形式是由四个无限的思想造成的,但它们有泄漏。因为它们仅是由于欲望领域的原因,所以无形的领域中没有什么。为什么?无形的领域并不取决于欲望的领域。消除这种人的错误观点。据说,在四个无限的思想和无形的领域中,佛陀也应该处于无形的领域,因为四个无限的思想都与十个方向上的众生相连。 13

总而言之,我们认为,同情,同情,喜悦和放弃的四种思想是世俗的集中或卓越的解释,这都是由于根深蒂固的根源。真正的“侵犯”是将三个领域中的所有有众者连接在一起,并超越了一切。尽管这四种思想与有情的生物的出现有关,但如果它们可以与Prajna的空虚和智慧相对应,并且不呈现出众生的外观,而是输入所有Dharmas的真实现实,这就是佛陀的意图,也是Mahayana佛教的真正含义。

2。不可估量的思想与同情之间的关系

从上面,我们可以看到,这四种无法估量的思想所显示的思想是大海亚的同情心的内容,但是不可估量的思想与同情心之间有什么关系?伟大的智慧论文说:“将同情心带入四个无限的心中,被称为无限同情和无限的同情心。” Abhidharma Khyada说:

有四个无限的事情:一个是同情心,两个是同情心,三个是喜悦,四个被抛弃。那些说无限的人是无限众生的对象,带来无限的祝福,并感受到无限的水果。为什么只有四种类型?治疗四种多种疾病。四个障碍是什么?这意味着各种伤害,缺乏快乐,舒适的欲望,贪婪和愤怒,对此的待遇就像建立同情心一样。 ...这四个不可估量的事物,以及那些彼此不同的人:所有人如何实现这种幸福?这样思考,您将进入富有同情心的世界。所有人如何摆脱这种苦难?这样思考,您会感到难过。幸福地摆脱痛苦是不是一种荣幸?这样思考,您会很高兴。所有众生都是平等和平等的,没有任何亲戚和敌人。这样思考,进入房屋等。14

换句话说,作为一种同情的宗教,佛教的特定实践是从四个不可估量的同情,同情,喜悦和奉献的思想中讨论的。这四个不可估量的思想不仅是实践者的实践和启蒙,而且是所有有知的众生固有的纯粹佛性。

伟大的智慧论文的第20卷说:“同情是真实的,是不可估量的,同情就像国王一样,其他三个追随者就像人民一样。” 15还说:“同情是因为它很难获得优点,同情可以实现巨大的事业。”第27卷还说:“在四个不可估量的思想中,大哈亚娜的基础是大同情心。”同时,第27卷曾经讨论过拒绝放弃世界情绪的佛陀和菩萨的同情的原因是“伟大的”:

问题:如果是这样,为什么您只是说同情是最大的?答案是:同情是佛教和道教的基础,原因是什么?菩萨看到所有生物都遭受年龄,疾病,死亡,身体,心脏和痛苦,这一生物和下一生的痛苦。他们仁慈地挽救了这种苦难,然后他们打算寻求阿纳塔拉和三个菩提人的三个出现。由于他的同情心,他永远不会厌倦无数的阿斯人,他们在世界上生死而死亡。由于极大的同情心,我应该很长一段时间以来就没有得到证据。因此,同情是所有佛陀中最伟大的。如果没有极大的同情心,您将尽早进入涅rv。 18

从中,我们知道,尽管《大海亚空间》和论文谈论了四种无法估量的同情心,同情,喜悦和放弃的思想,但它们通常被称为同情心或极大的同情心。例如,最熟悉的Guanyin Bodhisattva是巨大同情,同情心和痛苦的代表,我们有责任挽救所有众生的苦难。正是由于这一点,Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva的大誓言“我不会在地狱空无一人之前成为佛陀。”

因此,玛哈亚纳菩萨(Mahayana Bodhisattvas)并没有因为同情而放弃所有有情的众生,而《玛哈亚那经》(Mahayana Sutras)和论文使用同情心,同情,喜悦和放弃作为菩萨无限思想的代表,并采取行动来拯救众生。因此,在解释四个不可估量的思想与同情心之间的关系时,台克斯大师说:“要利用宽广和简单性,总结广泛,将同情心视为基本的思想,一个人可以理解同情心,快乐并放弃。” 19尹申大师还说:“菩萨的同情是同情,同情,喜悦和放弃的四个心。” 20这也是两者之间关系的最佳总结。

第三和第四个不可估量的头脑的作用和优点

在理解了上述四个不可估量的思想和富有同情心的思想之间的关系之后,我们现在将解释这四种不可估量的思想的功能和优点。

(1)四个不可估量的思想的作用

这四个不可估量的思想可以吸引无数的众生,也可以治愈无数的诽谤和苦难。那么,这四个无可估量的思想如何治愈诽谤和苦难?添加一个agama的佛经说:

罗元:你应该练习同情心;如果您做出同情心,应消除所有愤怒...您应该练习同情心;如果您做出同情心,应消除所有伤害...您应该练习快乐的心;如果您感到高兴,应消除所有嫉妒...您应该练习遗弃;如果您已经放弃了,则应消除所有傲慢。 21

伟大的智慧论文说:“培养同情心,以消除众生之间的意识;培养同情心以消除众生之间的痛苦;培养快乐以消除不满和幸福;培养遗弃以消除众生之间的爱与仇恨。” 22由此我们知道,培养同情可以缓解愤怒。培养同情可以消除伤害;培养快乐以消除嫉妒;耕种遗弃可以治愈贪婪和傲慢。

一般而言,练习冥想可以减轻麻烦。为什么我们在这里强调我们实践四种无法估量的思想来治愈所有苦难?伟大的智慧论文说:“如果您想获得伟大的祝福,您将谈论四个无限的思想。”换句话说,除了治疗麻烦之外,您还会有很大的原因和条件,因此您可以获得无限的祝福。但是,由于这是造成无数众生的重要原因,所以我们为什么要培养“放弃”的思想?伟大的智慧论文说:“从业者培养了同情心和快乐的心,有时贪婪,有时沉没了心。由于这种贪婪和忧虑,思想感到困惑。进入思想是放弃这种贪婪和忧虑,消除了贪婪和忧虑,因此被称为废弃的头脑。” 23

也就是说,当您培养同情心时,您将很高兴为所有生物感到高兴,并且您将很容易地痴迷于您的内心;当您培养同情心时,您将很容易地对所有生物感到难过。这样,贪婪和忧虑就会出现,不仅阻碍了您的实践,而且还会降低功绩。因此,我们应该观察到同情,同情和喜悦引起的缺点,并使思想能够放弃,消除所有贪婪,不可分割和爱心,并培养思想放弃,以便可以实现四个不可估量的思想,并可以实现极大的同情心。

简而言之,培养同情心可以缓解愤怒,培养同情可以消除烦恼,培养快乐可以消除嫉妒,而培养奉献可以治愈贪婪和傲慢。这是佛教和道教的对策。在十个方向上培养四个思想和同意可以解决无数的笑话和麻烦,也可以带来无限的祝福。因此,可以将四种不可估量的思想的功能总结为治愈苦难,所有良好的根源,毫无打击的解放和菩萨路径的完美。

(2)四个不可估量的思想的优点

只有了解角色,您还应该了解其特定优点,以便有众者可以体验真正的好处并积极实践。添加一个agama的佛经说:

当时,全世界都尊重一个人告诉僧侣,如果有知识的众生实践同情和解放,并传播其含义,他们将获得这一11个回报。什么是十一?如果您正在睡觉,醒来,您将不会看到噩梦,保护天堂,爱的人,不毒,不是士兵,水,火和小偷永远不会侵入支柱,如果您遭受破坏,您将永远是梵天。 24

也就是说,那些实践同情和解放的人可以获得十一项优点和奖励,当他们的生活腐烂时,他们可以以形式的领域重生。伟大的智慧理论说:

如果您善良而擅长培养,您将善于在整个纯天堂培养祝福。如果您在广阔的世界中富有同情心和培养祝福,那么您将善于在广阔的世界中培养祝福;如果您在广阔的世界中幸福并培养祝福,那么您将善于在广阔的世界中培养祝福;如果您被放弃并在广阔的世界中培养祝福,那么您将非常无知。 ...有无数的世界,但是圣徒所获得的是非凡的。 25

换句话说,通过练习四种思想,您可以获得达到形式领域和无形领域的优点。如果您实践无限的同情心,就可以获得纯天堂的奖励,培养无限的同情心,并获得空白,培养无限的欢乐和无限意识,而无需普遍性,并培养无限的感觉而没有完整的意识。但是,这里提到的无形领域是由圣徒完成的,它可以由非凡的人获得。对于这一说法,我们应该特别关注依赖起源的角度和众生的基础,以理解它。

四个,四个无限的思维练习方法

如前所述,我基本上对这四个无限的思想有一个粗略的了解。当涉及到四个不可估量的思想的实践时,经文和论文中有不同的陈述。

(i)《佛经和讨论的简介》

1。阿加马经

上一篇文章说,这四个不可估量的思想既具有不完美的思想,也没有理解。当涉及练习方法时,“中间阿加马经”说:

他经常从圣徒们那里学习,牺牲他们的坏业力,并培养他们的好业障。放弃他们的坏业力,培养他们的好业力...心脏和同情心各自世界,两个,三个和四个方向都在世界各地,他们遍布世界各地。心脏和同情是没有业力的,没有怨恨,没有愤怒,没有争议,极为广泛,非常大,无限的良好做法在世界各地。这个想法:我不擅长实践这种思想,但是现在我无限期地练习这种思想……如果您有如此友好的心和解放,那么那些实践无限善良的人将能够获得Anaha或更高的人。这样的悲伤,喜悦,思想和放弃没有任何结,没有怨恨,没有愤怒,没有争议,极为广泛,非常出色,无限的好实践以及所有成就和旅行的世界。 26

也就是说,要牺牲自己的身体,言语和思想,并练习好业力;思想与同情,同情,喜悦和放弃不同,而没有任何担忧或愤怒,与空虚相对应。为了完美地实践善良,从一个方向到一个方向,逐渐扩展到十个方向的无数众生……这样,以这种方式练习同情心,解放和实践无限的善良,您可以达到第三种水果的水平或以上的水平,而同情,喜悦和放弃也是如此。

2。“ Mahavibhasa”

对于四个不可估量的思想,“ Mahavibhasa”将感兴趣的对象分为三种类型:亲戚,中间和怨恨。怨恨和怨恨分为三个层次:上,中间和降低,中间没有分裂。同情心对象的顺序是无限的同情,同情和喜悦的顺序是亲戚(上,中,下,下,中,中,中,上,上)→怨恨(上,中,下,下,下)和遗弃(上,中,下,下,下,下)和偏爱(上,中间,上,上)。 27

换句话说,四个不可估量的思想之间的实践方法是不同的。对象对象的顺序根据思维的动作更改,并且可以根据上述理解特定的实践方法。

这也是为什么这些教派的学者认为这四个不可估量的思想只是优越的理解,无法实现真正​​的解放。因为他们认为对思想的上等理解只是对物体对象的增强作用,所以对空虚和智慧不符,并且对自我形象和共同形式没有正确的思考,所以这表明这四个不可估量只是具有污秽的世俗法律。

3。“伟大的智慧理论”

当纳加朱纳(Nagarjuna)在伟大的智慧论文中提到了四个不可估量的思想的做法时,他说:“有三种同情心:有众多的众生,佛法,没有命运。”第20卷详细描述了它:

所有的众生都没有什么不同。在十个方向和五个领域中的众生中,他们以同情心看到……这样的心中充满了十个方向的众生。这种同情被称为众生的命运。他们中的大多数人都在普通百姓走路的地方,或者有些学者并没有失去所有的污秽。佛法导致所有的arhats,pratyekabuddhas消失了。所有佛陀都是破坏自我并摧毁一个奇怪方面的圣人。但是五个人的群体是由于因果关系的连续性而诞生的,但是五个群体的空虚是人民……我在乎众生,而不知道佛法是空的,但总是以一种思想寻求幸福。圣贤的圣贤诗篇,随心所欲地获得幸福,这被称为世俗法律的佛法命运。那些没有命运的人是富有同情心的人,但所有佛陀都拥有……佛陀认为,众生并不知道所有佛法的真实本质都与五个领域有关,他们的思想与所有佛法都息息相关,他们做出了区别和选择。这被称为“无命运”,以允许众生获得它。 28

尽管从业者的心脏与同情心相对应,但它在各个方向上都充满了众生,没有任何亲戚和敌人。他们得到同样的同情对待;但是他们仍然必须与有情的生物有关。这样,只能说有情的生物是富有同情心的,其中大多数是普通百姓或学者尚未达到污秽的灭绝。与佛法相关的同情心是圣人,他完全是污秽的,即两辆车,Pratyekabuddhas,Bodhisattvas和Buddhas。因为所有圣徒都首先寻求有意识的众生,后来寻求与佛法有关,打破无私的形式,并观察到一切都是由于因果和状况的延续而诞生的,而没有多情的生物。为了对有情众生的同情心,他们知道没有自我,也没有对众生的同情心并遵循并享受它,这被称为与佛法相关的同情心。但是,只有佛陀才能真正理解所有佛法的真实本质,观察到依赖的起源没有自我的自我,现在表现出依赖起源的虚假名称众生,知道它们是完全空虚且无法实现的,他们的思想无关紧要。佛陀对不知道所有佛法的真实本质并利用各种便利来使他们了解所有佛法的真实本质,因此可以真正保存众生。这是智慧的结合,即同情,智慧和同情心。这是没有原因的同情心,这是与Prajna相对应的无限同情心。

同情是以这种方式实践的,同情,喜悦和奉献也是如此。因此,真正的同情必须与众生有关。首先,它应附上具有真实性质的众生;其次,它不应与真实的众生相关,而是对有源的众生富有同情心。只有没有同情心才能理解自我习惯最终是空的,只有像自我习惯的幻想和虚假名称一样,才能真正消除痛苦,与敌人和亲戚相等,从生与死中解放出来,并实现同情心。因此,佛教的实践必须与Prajna的智慧相对应,因此在实践四种不朽的思想时,就会了解菩萨,两辆车和普通人之间的差异和差异。

(2)养育同情心

从大海亚邦的角度来看,据说菩萨已经开发了菩提心来拯救有情的众生,并且本着利他主义的精神。这是因为菩萨的同情心的原始誓言。但是,最初愿望的菩萨的苦难尚未完全消除,意志力很弱,并且在遇到不利条件时容易撤退。他们不再勤奋地练习玛哈亚那佛教来使众生受益。这是因为同情心不强烈,因此我们必须始终练习同情心,以便同情可以成长和稳定。以下是根据前辈摘要增加同情方法的介绍:

1。自私的相互视图:简单地将自己放在别人的鞋子上。如果您是另一个人或另一个人是您自己,该怎么办?普通的众生所做的是以自我为中心,只考虑自己的利益。他们经常忽略他人的感受,立场和观点,而无形地伤害他人而不知道。所有世界都是原因和条件的结合,并具有紧密的互动关系,即依赖关系。这样,通过将自己的自爱推向他人,将自己的鞋子放在别人的鞋子上,并将他人视为自己的鞋子,自然会自然会出现同情心。

2. The view of equality between enemies and relatives: Apart from self-love, there is no dearest and most concerned person than his parents, brothers and sisters. The most difficult object to develop compassion is your own enemies and enemies. Therefore, the practice of compassion starts with your own relatives and friends, then to irrelevant people, and finally to those you hate, and then to those you hate. In detail, first observe your dear family and friends, observe their sufferings and want to relieve their distress, and see that they have no happiness and want to give them happiness. In this way, practicing the sufferings and happiness of your loved ones is as deep as your own sufferings and happiness, and always want to get rid of suffering and gain happiness, and then promote them to irrelevant people. Observe carefully. This is really a kindness to me, who has not been my parents or teachers since the beginning of time! For the suffering and happiness of unrelated people, develop a compassionate heart, even a heart of joy and renunciation, and then practice it as if you are your relatives and friends, so that you can continue to expand to your enemies. If you think like this, you will be your own teachers and friends since the beginning of time. At the same time, you will guide your thinking with the law of dependent origination. Bad people are not always bad people, and as long as the conditions are ripe, they will become good people. If you observe carefully like this, you will develop compassion, forgiveness and compassion for your enemies. In this way, your enemies and relatives will achieve equal results, and the four infinite minds of compassion, joy and giving will fill everything.

It should also be noted that the practice stages of the four infinite minds of compassion, compassion, joy and giving do not necessarily preach in the sutras and treatises. The Sutra of the Agama Sutra advocates that the order of practice is compassion, compassion, joy and giving. The yogi also agrees with it, while the Vibhasa advocates that there is no certain order of the four immeasurable minds. Therefore, from the perspective of the method of dependent origination, this article also believes that there is no certain order between the practices of the four minds, but they are mutually beneficial and are the nature of the Buddhist practice. Therefore, the practices are based on the foundation and have differences in the methods of practice.

5. The practical significance of the four immeasurable minds

(I) Ethical significance

If the previous statement is completely purely theoretical, then let's talk about some sentimental topics now.

As mentioned above, the four immeasurable minds are shared by people of the Three Vehicles, but only problems of shallowness, perfection and incompleteness, self-interest or altruism. From the perspective of Mahayana Buddhism, the four immeasurable minds must be based on the premise that all sentient beings have pure Buddha nature. In other words, the Buddhist mind of compassion, joy and renunciation is based on the original awakening mind, so that it can truly reflect the truth of all dharmas, be disgusted with life and death, and be happy with nirvana and practice and realize according to the principles. Therefore, Master Taixu, a reformer of modern Buddhism, advocated the development of Mahayana Buddhism into "Human Buddhism", and interpreted the four immeasurable minds of compassion, compassion, joy, and giving practiced by the compassion of Mahayana Buddhism as "love him, compassion, praise him, and help him", which in a nutshell is called "alloyal"! In this way, the compassion of Mahayana Buddhism is characterized by self-awareness and self-benefiting others, and it also produces religious beliefs and educational activities that are both worldly and worldly. For example, the Xiamen Nanputuo Temple Charity Association and Tongxin Charity Association that actively care about the present world; the Taiwan International Buddha Light Association, the Tzu Chi Merit Society, etc. These are all actively participating in the charity welfare and education activities of the present world in the spirit of benefiting sentient beings and saving the world. This is the common concept and common normative practice of "being a human being" as the ethics, and it has an influence that cannot be ignored on social ethics and educating people's hearts.

This shows that compassion, joy and renunciation are not only a self-disciplined religious practice, but also provides a set of universal ethical norms for the present society. Therefore, the compassion, compassion, joy and giving in Mahayana Buddhism will surely enable sentient beings in the ten Dharma realms to form a life community with good fortune and misfortune, and create a new social ethical norm for mutual assistance between humans and humans. This is the ultimate manifestation of the four immeasurable minds of Mahayana Bodhisattvas.

(2) The way to make a connection

It should be understood that compassion, compassion, joy and giving are the wealth shared by all sentient beings, and are not the patent of Buddhists. In real life, because of compassion, life is full of vitality and longing, and becomes the source of life for endless life. However, having compassion, joy, and giving is not only not fighting back, but also not being able to scold or scold, but also abide by certain principles. When justice and justice are ruthlessly attacked and excluded, and when a gentleman is criticized for being unreasonably slandered and criticized, he can stand up. This is a kind of brave and positive compassion. Therefore, compassion must be wise. Compassion is not a temporary compassion, but helping others through the touch of justice, and serving others with mindfulness; it is not dancing with the crowd lively, nor is it selfish to benefit relatives and friends. Therefore, compassion, joy and giving are the highest states of equality of enemies and relatives, selflessness and selflessness.

At the same time, we must know that compassion is not a fixed point, but a continuous sublimation of emotions. In other words, compassion is a condition that human beings should have. A person can have nothing, but he cannot be without compassion. In Christianity, compassion is love, but love has two types: polluted love and pure love. If defiled love is not handled, it will become a source of pain and a trap of troubles; pure love and sublimated love are compassion, a kind of selfless and wise service and assistance, a donation without seeking rewards, and a wish to achieve the other party, which combines various merits such as love, wisdom, vows, and donations.

Therefore, when talking about the way to make connections with compassion, you should also understand that compassion is a moral that you practice and is not a measure used to measure others. True compassion is not necessarily a kind of praise and encouragement. Sometimes it is inevitable to use the power of Vajra to subdue demons and evil. It is a great compassion that is difficult to do. At the same time, the concrete manifestation of the four infinite minds and actions of compassion, compassion, joy, and giving up is the "Four Great Vows", that is, with great compassion, the great vow of "savages to save all sentient beings, and the endless troubles to eliminate sentient beings" to eliminate the sufferings of sentient beings; at the same time, with great compassion, the great vow of "savages to learn infinite Dharma, and the supreme Buddhahood is achieved", and with various skillful conveniences to save sentient beings, so that they can get rid of all suffering and achieve ultimate happiness. Confucianism also has this saying: "The benevolent is invincible." In Buddhist terms, compassion is invincible. Therefore, in this materialistic society, we can only always maintain the vow of compassion, guide us with the four great vows, practice compassion with the four sutras, and use the four sutras and six paramitas to practice compassion, and use the language of compassion, compassionate face, and compassionate voice to practice the value of the four immeasurable minds in real society. In other words, as a monk who takes spreading the Dharma and benefiting sentient beings as his responsibility, if he can give joy with kindness, emphasize equality, and give equality to those who are in need with great compassion, emphasize the importance of happiness and seeking knowledge with joy, and emphasize the spirit of equality with self and others. In this way, not only can social morality be realized, but also can make society more harmonious and better.

To sum up, through preliminary analysis of the connotation, function, merit, practice, practical significance of the four immeasurable minds, we can educate the Buddhist teachings in the long process of development, according to geographical conditions, culture and other conditions, and according to circumstances, so that we can understand that in the future, the law of dependent origination should always be guided by the law of dependent origination, and receive and uphold them with a lively and surging joyful heart, so that we can become a person with the ability to love - that is, a person with compassion, joy and sacrificial personality, constantly improve his personality in life, benefit himself and others, and create a harmonious and happy world, so that the Dharma can flow for a long time in the world. This is also the best summary of the four immeasurable minds of compassion, joy and sacrificial minds and practice of cultivation.

参考书目:

1. "The Middle Agama Sutra", "Taisho Ksitigarbha" Volume 1.

2. "Agama Sutra" and "Taisho Ksitigarbha" Volume 2.

3. "Miscellaneous Agama Sutra", "Taisho Ksitigarbha" Volume 2.

4. "Mahavibhasha", "Taisho Ksitigarbha" Volume 27.

5. "The Great Wisdom Treatise", "The Great Wisdom Gang" Volume 25.

6. "Abhidharmakosha", "Taisho Ksitigarbha" Volume 29.

7. Instructor Yin Shun: "Exploration of Empty", 1992 edition by Taipei Zhengwen Publishing House.

8. Master Yin Shun's book: "Three Essentials for Learning Buddhism", 1992 edition by Taipei Zhengwen Publishing House.

9. Master Taixu wrote: "Explanation and Records of the Vimalakirti Sutra".

10. Lai Yonghai's writing: "Buddhism and Confucianism", published by Taipei Yangzhi Culture Publishing House.

11. Gou Jialing's writing: "Mindfulness of the Current Affairs", 1995 edition by Huacheng Publishing House.

12. Zhou Rou wrote: "A Preliminary Exploration of the Four Immortal Minds", 1999 edition of Yinshun Cultural and Education Foundation.

13. Liu Shufen wrote: "Compassion, Joy and Giving--The Social Welfare Cause of Buddhists in the Middle Ages", published in Taipei's Beixian Culture, Volume 40, 1994.

14. Yang Yuwen's book: "Agama Essence", Taipei Dongchu Publishing House, 1994 edition.

15. Master Shengyan's book: "Vimalakirti Sutra and Compassion, Joy and Give Up", published in Taipei's "Life" magazine, 1995, No. 141-144.

16. Wang Xiurui's writing: "A Discussion on the Four Brahmas", a collection of graduation thesis of Yuanguang Buddhist College in 1989.

17. Journal of Pumen Scholars, No. 2 and No. 5, 2001.

18. Wang Hui: "Practical Concepts and Methods of Juezhi Education", printed by the Center for Humanities Education of Huafan University, Taiwan

[1] Journal of Pumen Scholars, 2001, No. 5, page 4.

[2] Volume 20 of "Middle Ahgama", "Taisho Ksitigarbha", Volume 1, page 563.

[3] Volume 20 of "The Great Wisdom Treatise", "The Great Wisdom Treatise", Volume 25 of "The Great Wisdom Gang", page 208.

[4] Volume 81 of "Mahavibhasha", "Taisho Ksitigarbha", Volume 27, page 421.

[5] Volume 21 of "Middle Ahgama", "Taisho Ksitigarbha", Volume 1, page 563.

[6] Volume 81 of "Mahavibhasha", "Taisho Ksitigarbha", Volume 27, page 420.

[7] Volume 20 of "The Great Wisdom Treatise", "Taisho Ksitigarbha", Volume 25, page 209.

[8] Same as above, page 210.

[9] Volume 21 of the "Miscellaneous Ahgama Sutra", Volume 2 of the Taisho Tsang, page 150.

[10] Volume 10 of the "Miscellaneous Ahgama Sutra", Volume 2 of the Taisho Tsangha, page 67.

[11] Volume 81 of "Mahavibhasha", "Taisho Ksitigarbha", Volume 27, page 420.

[12] Volume 27 of the "Agama Sutra", Volume 2 of the Taisho Tsang, page 197.

[13] Volume 20 of "The Great Wisdom Treatise", "The Great Wisdom Treatise", Volume 25, page 211.

[14] Volume 29 of "Abhidharmakosha", "Taisho Ksitigarbha", Volume 29, page 150, middle and lower.

[15] Volume 20 of "The Great Wisdom Treatise", "The Great Wisdom Treatise", Volume 25 of "The Great Wisdom Gang", page 211.

[16] Same as above.

[17] Volume 27 of "The Great Wisdom Treatise", "Taisho Ksitigarbha", Volume 25, page 601.

[18] Same as above, page 256.

[19] Master Taixu: "The Interpretation of the Vimalakirti Sutra", page 163.

[20] Tutor Yin Shun: "Three Essentials for Learning Buddhism", Taipei Zhengwen Publishing House, 1992 edition.

[21] Volume 7 of "Agama": Taisho Ksitigarbha, Volume 2, Page 581.

[22] Volume 20 of "The Great Wisdom Treatise", "The Great Wisdom Treatise", Volume 25 of "The Great Wisdom Gang", page 208.

[23] Same as above, on page 210.

[24] Volume 47 of "Agama Sutra", "Taisho Ksitigarbha", Volume 20, page 806.

[25] Volume 20 of "The Great Wisdom Treatise", "The Great Wisdom Treatise", Volume 25, page 211.

[26] Volume 3 of the "Middle Agama Sutra", Volume 1 of the Taisho Tsangha, page 438.

[27] Volume 82 of "Mahavibhasha", "Taisho Ksitigarbha", Volume 27, page 421.

[28] Volume 20 of "The Great Wisdom Treatise", "The Great Wisdom Treatise", Volume 25 of "The Great Wisdom Gang", page 209, middle and lower.

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